During the present day’s technology is all about automation and wireless control of all equipment’s used in house, industries and factories. Equipment that can be controlled wirelessly is more easily maintained and it responds very fast comparing to the manual operating. It increases safety as well as speed of operation in times of failure or damage. So the proposed project present a design which uses wireless technology for switching of electrical light. This project uses the application of wireless control of electrical load.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
At Mrs.Malya’s house there is a problem of high power consumption this is due to the tendency of people to forget switching OFF lamps when leaving the room and lamps continues to run without any specific purpose. Due to that problem it increase cost of electric bills payed per month. Therefore, an automatic system will be designed in order to solve the problem which Mrs Malya face.
OBJECTIVES
Objectives can be divided into two
Main objective
Specific objectives
MAIN OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to avoid unnecessary power consumption.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Design a circuit
Identification of tools and components
Build a prototype
To test prototype
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
To avoid unnecessary power consume
Increase life span of appliance
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
Literature review
Data collection
Data analysis
Build prototype
Test prototype
Report writing
LITERATURE REVIEW
EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing system uses manual operation of switching ON or OFF electrical lights. In this system a person is needed to switch ON or OFF the light and he forget to so the light will remain ON till that person remember to turn OFF and this cause electrical power consumption. Existing system has some disadvantages as shown below.
DISADVANTAGE OF EXISTING SYSTEM
Consumes high power
Responds very slowly
It is not easy to use especially to the children an disabled people who are not to reach to the switch.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM
PROPOSED SYSTEM
Proposed system uses sensor and wireless remote control of electrical light and this is more easily maintained and it responds very fast comparing to manual operating. It increases safety as well as speed of operation in times of failure.
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
Proposed system has low power consumption
It is to maintain and repair
Have safe operation and long life of the appliance
Proposed system is efficient and safe operation
It brings comfort ability
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
DATA COLLECTION
The following are data collected in order to accomplish proposed project;
AC power supply 230V
MANUAL OPERATING SWITCH
There are four (4) manual operating switches each room contains one switch for lamp.
NUMBER OF ROOMS
There are four (4) rooms
NUMBER OF LAMPS
There are four (4) lamps each room contains one lamp with 40 watts
OPERATING HOURS
Lamps operate for 17 hours per day
COST
Electric bills paid for lamps per month is Tsh. 29,376/=
DATA ANALYSIS
PROPOSED CIRCUIT
LOAD SECTION
Load = AC light of (220V-230V)
Let light be 11W
Then,
Power = Current × Voltage
I = 11w/230V
I = 0.0478A
I = 0.05A
Hence, over load will be using not more than 0.0478.
CHOOSING RELAY
Since over load consumes ≤ 0. 0478.The relay selected must handle such load.
Hence, 12V relay with 10A capability to 250V will be selected.
SWITCHING SECTION.
Vc = Rc × Ic
Whereas,
Rc = 300Ω
Vc = 12V
Ic = 12/300
Ic = 0.04A
Ic = 40mA
CHOOSING TRANSISTOR.
There are two types of transistors which are
NPN – BC 547, BC 548, BC 549.
PNP – BC 557, BC 558, BC 559.
NPN- BC 547 will be selected with the following specification
Ic max = 200Ma
β = 120 -150
Ib ≥ 1µA
Ic = β × Ib
Ib = Ic/β
Ib = 40m/120
Ib = 0.333µA
Ib = 333µA
Since 333µA≥ 1µA
Voltage output ranges from 0.5V – 2V
Then,
Vb = 5V – 0.5 V
Vb = 4.5
Rb = Vb/ Ib
Rb = 4.5 / 333µA
Rb = 0.0135 × 10^6
Rb = 13.5 KΩ
REMOTE SECTION
SPECIFICATION OF SENSOR (PHOTO TRASISTOR)
Vf = 2V
Imax = 40Ma
VCE = 5V
VT = VR + Vf
5V = VR + 2V
5V – 2V = VR
Then,
VR = 3V
But,
VR = I × R
R = VR/I
=3V/40Ma
=3 × 10^3/40
=0.075 × 10^3
R2 = 75Ω.
SENSING SECTION
SPECIFICATION OF PIR SENSOR.
PIR needs 5V
Outputs
Inputs,
DESIGNED CIRCUIT WITH VALUE
CONCLUSION
The aim of this project is to design an automatic lamp switching circuit by using sensor and remote control.
Objectives are achieved, the system has been undertaken completely in order to meet the main objective of the project such as general introduction, problem statement, literature review, data collection, data analysis, designing circuit, building and testing prototype and report writing were all covered.
The project was designed successfully to reduce electric bill payed per month. The project is to be beneficial to user since the analysis, simulation and prototype were exactly the same for controlling light in order to prevent high power consumption, hence reduce cost of electric bill payed per month.
RECOMMENDATION
The automatic lamp controller is simple and effective way to prevent high power consumption due to tendency of people to forget switching off lamps. The system can be used to both rural and urban areas due to low cost of components used in proposed system and its simple in design.